Answer the following briefly:
1 .Write about the military expeditions of Malik Kafur.
(i) Malik Kafur was the commander of Alauddin's forces.
(ii) He defeated Mongols in 1306.
(iii) He led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), the Hoysalas (1311) and the Pandyas (1311).
(iv) During these campaigns he obtained a large number of treasures elephants and horses for the Delhi sultanate.
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2. Who founded the Vijayanagar Kingdom? Mention the dynasties that ruled over the kingdom.
(i) Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, two brothers.
(ii) They were the first rulers of the Sangama dynasty.
(iii) Sangama dynasty was followed by the Saluva dynasty.
(iv) The Tuluva dynasty ruled under Krishnadeva Raya.
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3. Mention the two natural advantages that India had in cotton weaving.
(i) India had two natural advantages in cotton weaving.
(ii) The first was that cotton grew in almost all parts of India, so that the basic raw material was easily available.
(iii) Second, the technology of producing a permanent colour on cotton using vegetable dyes was known from very early times in India.
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4. What were the factors which facilitated urbanization?
(i) The cities and towns fulfilled diverse and overlapping roles in the economy.
(ii) The large cities were centres of manufacturing and marketing, banking and financial services.
(iii) They were usually located at the intersection of an extensive network of roads.
(iv) The roads connected them to other parts of the country.
(v) Smaller towns were marketing centres in local trade connecting the immediate rural hinterland.
(vi) Cities also served as political and administrative centres.
(vii) Major pilgrimage centres like Varanasi also grew into cities, because the regular inflow of pilgrims.
(viii) All these factors together contributed urbanization.
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5.What is sericulture?
(i) Sericulture means silk production by breeding the mulberry silkworm.
(ii) It was introduced in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
(iii) By the seventeenth century, Bengal had become one of the largest silk-producing regions in the world.
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Answer the following in detail:
1. Discuss the political changes during 1526-1707 A.D. (C.E.).
(i) The Mughal empire was founded by Babur in 1526 A.D. (C.E.) after he defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat.
(ii) The first six Mughal emperors are referred to as the 'Great Mughals'
(iii) Aurangzeb was the last of the great Mughals.
(iv) Akbar consolidated the Mughal empire through conquests and through a policy of conciliation with the Religious based kingdoms of Rajasthan.
(v) The Mughal empire though began to disintegrate after Aurangzeb, continued to exist nominally till 1857 A.D. (C.E.)
(vi) A new power centre rose in Maharashtra in the seventeenth century, and the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji seriously undermined the authority of the Mughals in western India.
(vii) At its height, the empire stretched over most of the Indian sub-continent
(viii) Only the south-western region of Kerala and southern Tamilnadu were not directly under Mughal rule.
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2. Explain the commercial developments in Medieval India.
(i) India had an extensive network of trade for marketing the goods.
(ii) All these kinds of markets co-existed in India in an "ascending scale in the overlapping circuits of exchange".
(iii) Big cities were usually major commercial centres, with bazaars and shops.
(iv) Small ships and boats were used in coastal trade along with western and eastern coasts of the country.
(v) Maritime trade across the Indian Ocean, extending from China in the east, to Africa in the west, had flourished for many centuries.
(vi) Ports like Malacca, Calicut etc. were 'entrepots'.
(vii) In the seventeenth century, Surat in Gujarat, Masulipatnam in the Golkonda kingdom, Chittagong in Bengal, Pulicat and Nagapatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and Calicut in Kerala were all major ports in Asiatic trade.
(viii) India exported textiles, pepper, precious and semi-precious stones. Its iron and steel were in great demand in the entire Asian region.
(ix) It imported from China silk, ceramics, gold, spices, aromatic woods and camphor, silk, Drugs, dye, woods and sugar were imported from Persia.
(x) Bankers and money changers operated in all the big cities, and bills of exchange or hundis were used to transfer money from one city to another.
(xi) The European trading companies entered into contracts with the local merchants to carry on their trading activities.
(xii) But this scenario changed in the eighteenth century. The Indian merchants were under contract to the Europeans to supply textiles and other goods.
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3. “Chola Period was a enterprising period in the history of Tamil Nadu" - Elucidate.
(i) The Chola dynasty was one of the largest ruling dynasties in the history of South India.
(ii) The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri river.
(iii) Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhi Raja Chola, Veera Rajendra Chola and Kulottunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South - East Asia.
(iv) According to Tamil tradition, the Cholar country comprised the region that includes the modern day namely Tiruchirapalli, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Ariyalur, Perambalur, Pudukottai and Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu.
(v) After Rajendra Chola capital got shifted to Gangai konda cholapuram.
(vi) In the age of the Cholas, the whole south India was for the first time brought under a single government.
(vii) The Chola dynasty had a professional military.
(viii) Land revenue and trade tax were the main source of income.
(ix) In the society of the Cholas, the guild was one of the most significant institution in South India.
(x) They excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and South East Asia.
(xi) Most of the canals of Kaveri belong to this period.
(xii) Under the Cholas, the Tamil country reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature.
(xiii) Architectural Historian James Fergusson says that the Chola artists conceived like giants and finished like jewellers. Therefore, we can say that the Chola period was enterprising period in the history of Tamilnadu.
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