9th history chapter4

Answer the following briefly 

1. Write above Hinayana and Mahayana. 

Hinayana:

1. Hinayana was the original principles preached by Buddha.

2. The followers considered Buddha as Guru and did not worshipped him as god.

3. They denied Idol worship and continued Pali language.

Mahayana:

1.Buddha was worshipped as god.

2. The followers made Buddha statue and offered prayers.

3. They wrote their religious books in Sanskrit.

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2. Elaborate the term “Tri-ratnas”. 

The three principles of Jainism is known as Tri-ratnas'.

The three principles

1.Right faith (Belief in teachings and wisdom)

2.Right knowledge (Acceptance of no God)

3.Right action (observance of the five great vows)

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3. What do you know of Ajatasatru? 

(i) Ajatashatru, the son of Bimbisara is said to have murdered his father and ascended the throne in 493 ВСЕ.

(ii) He continued his father's policy of expansion through military conquests.

(iii) He strengthened the Rajagriha fort and also built another fort at Pataligrama on the Ganges.

(iv) He died in 461 BCE

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4. What does the Edict of Kalinga convey? 

1.Among the Ashokan edicts two were Kalinga edicts. 

2.In one of them he tells us his horror and sorrow over the deaths which the war caused.

3.In another edict he makes it known that Ashoka would not tolerate any other war deaths 

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5. Highlight the steps taken by Ashoka to spread Buddhism.

1.Became an ardent Buddhist, Ashoka issued edicts that were carved out in the rock. 

2.Animal sacrifice was forhidden. 

3.Hospitals were constructed for animals. 

4.He sent his son Mahendra and his daughter sangamitra to Ceylon to spread his message of Dharma.

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Answer the following in detail 

1. Discuss the five cardinal principles of Confucius

Five Cardinal principles of Confucius.

(a) Humaneness

(b) Righteousness

(c) Propriety

(d) Wisdom

(e) Trustworthiness.

1. Confucius said that wisdom grows from the family and that the foundation of society is the disciplined individual in an orderly family.

2. The superior man is not merely intelligent or scholarly, but his characters should be exemplary

3. The superior man possesses three virtues, intelligence, coinage and goodwill.

4. Though confucius insisted on children obeying parents, he clearly proposed that any wrong command should be resisted immediately.

5. According to him a good government should have sufficiency of food, sufficiency of military equipment and confidence of the people in their ruler.

6. The philosophy of Confucius gave the Chinese people an awareness about their political rights.

7. It also clearly listed the government's duty towards the people

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2. Compare and contrast the principles of Jainism and Buddhism

Similarities between Jainism and Buddhism:

(i) Both appeared as revolts against orthodox Brahminical Hinduism.

(ii) Both Buddhism and Jainism originated in Eastern India.

(iii) The Jains and the Buddhists equally believe that the world is full of misery. The object is to deliver the soul from the miseries of the world by eliminating rebirth. 

(iv) Both Mahavira and Buddha rejected the authority of the Vedas.

(v) Both denied the existence of God and upheld ascetic life, moral and ethical codes.

(vi) Both upheld non-violence as means of salvation.

(vii) Both dismissed caste system.

(viii) Their followers were mainly from the mercantile class.

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